The Rising Crescent Book

res kt TURKEY YESTERDAY, TODAY, AND TOMORROW BY ERNEST JACKH Author of The War forMtms SouP Illustrated with Photographs FARRAR RINEHART, INC. YORK TORONTO ERNEST JACKH ERNEST JACKH, founder and president of both the famous Hochschule fiir Politik in Berlin and the German League of Nations Union, has been a British subject since 1933 and is now conducting at Columbia University a seminar on Near Eastern and Middle Eastern problems. In 1908, the year of the Young Turks revolt, he made the first of many trips to Turkey and the Balkans, and for many years thereafter his association with such leaders of the new govenjment as Mustafa Kemal later Ataturk and Ismet Inonu, was close and sympathetic. His various political and diplomatic missions gave him the inside story albout many secret negotiations, here revealed for the first time. Their importance and authenticity have been acknowledged by American, British and German authorities, as well as by Jbis Tuirkish friends themselves. In Gratitude for a Lifelong Friendship with the Turkish people whose perseverance and creative quality have realized the authors early vision of THE RISING CRESCENT THE AUTHOR expresses his gratitude to President Nicholas Murray Butler and the Trustees of Columbia University for appointing him Professor of Public Law with a seat in the Faculty of Political Science, in 1940 to the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, for arranging with Columbia University for a seminar on world politics, particularly in the Near and Middle East and to Dr. Stephen Dug gan, the Director of the Institute of International Education, for en abling him to co-operate with higher education in the United States. Thanks are also accorded to Mr. Cemil Vafi, Acting Consul General of Turkey in New York, for statistical material, geographic maps and particularly for the valuable pictures. CONTENTS PART I. THREE TURKEYS ONE PEOPLE CHAPTER , PAGE 1. The Three Crescents 3 2. A Treaty That Made History 7 3. Return to Ones First Love 25 4. The Turk and Some Common Catchwords 30 PART II. FIRST TURKEY OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE 5 The Largest Empire Stands in the Gap 51 6. The Longest Dynasty 64 7. Procrustes of the Middle East . 67 8. Judaeo-Christian Islams Faith 70 9. Pride and Prejudice of Millets and Capitulations An American Simile 74 PART 111. SECOND TURKEY OF THE YOUNG TURKISH EMPIRE 10. The Young Turks Revolution Turkey for the Turks 89 n. The Balkans Counterrevolution The Balkans for the Balkan Peoples 97 12. British-German Pekce of Baghdad 101 13. Russian-German War for Constantinople Two Friends Who Shaped History no 14. The Ottoman Empire Stands in the Gap 121 15. Young Turkish War Aims Turkish Turkey 131 16. Pan-German War Aims Turkey a German Egypt 138 17. The Second Front With Ataturk and the Kaiser in the Dardanelles 147 ix x CONTENTS PART IV. THIRD TURKEY OF THE TURKISH REPUBLIC CHAPTER PAGE 18. Ataturks Revolution Turkey for the Turks 159 19. Antaeus of the Middle East 169 20. Independent Nation of Free Citizens 180 21. Thus Speaks the National Internationalist Prometheus Bound and Unbound 197 22. Interdependent State in a World of Neighbors 207 23. Peaceful Change and Collective Security 216 24. Turkish Turkey Stands in the Gap 226 25. Red-Light Neutrality and the Common Front 244 Appendix Documents 261 PART ONE THREE TURKEYS ONE PEOPLERead More